white spots on gums pictures

by on April 8, 2023

There are a dozen more ways to get rid of canker sores, too. Not all white spots on your gums are painful, some have no pain. Tea tree oil contains a chemical compound called Terpinenol that has the antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal property that can help to heal white sores on gums. This procedure is a chemical process and your dentist will use an oxidizing agent which discolors the stains in your teeth. When a tumor develops in the lining of your mouth, you are classified as an oral cancer patient. Some of the causes of white marks on the gums include the following: Oral thrush is also known as candidiasis infection. Oral lichen planus may affect your gums as well as your inner lips and cheeks. Oral lichen planus (LIE-kun PLAY-nus) is an ongoing (chronic) inflammatory condition that affects mucous membranes inside your mouth. The two infections can also damage the root nerve of the teeth hence you can experience an intense toothache. Occasionally, the white patches can develop into painful open sores. The white spots may be accompanied by other symptoms such as pain or. You may get white spots on your gums once you use hydrogen peroxide. They may also prescribe medications designed to suppress or control the immune system these may include topical gels that are calcineurin inhibitors, or system medications that treat the whole body. Ill-fitting dentures and some other dental instruments are also responsible for white spots. The text and pictures within the content are intended for information purposes only. White Spots on Gums: 5 Possible Diagnoses - Luminance Red At times, the painful white spots on the gums show the presence of oral cancer. Other symptoms you may experience include: Oral lichen planus often develops into white, lacey raised patches, though it can also develop into red, raised patches or open sores. Leukoplakia is a condition that causes white spots and patches in the mouth. You have entered an incorrect email address! Harsh mouthwash that contains irritating chemical can also stimulate gum tissue to develop white sores or spots. Most people who use hydrogen peroxide to kill dental bacteria should be aware of such side effects. How then does the spots appear, how do you treat them. This is white pumps that can appear on gums of newborns. You can use home remedies to treat mild white spots on your gums that cannot develop into a serious health problem. Salivary proteome of aphthous stomatitis reveals the participation of vitamin metabolism, nutrients, and bacteria. White Bumps on Gums | Dentist in Royal Oak MI Usually, the infection of the gums disease affects the internal tissue which can as well result in damage to the external surface of the gum to develop white sores. Here are some of the known causes. Painful white dots or patches on gums can cause a discomfort in your mouth which can lead to difficulties in chewing, speaking and even swallowing. Star the aloe Vera gel in a half full cup of water and gently stir to mix. Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is an oral yeast infection caused by Candida albicans or sometimes other Candida yeast species. Although most are noncancerous, some may show early signs of cancer. There are several reasons you have white spots on the gums. Gums are among the most sensitive tissue in our body. Ballous pemphiqoid a less dangerous disease whose blisters are itchy, hard and tight. This is a fungal or yeast infection that is characterized by white patches on gums, tongue, and throat. Stomatitis is the process through which the mucous lining of the mouth gets inflamed. Otherwise, the discomfort caused may affect the tongue, lips, inside the check and the roof of the mouth. Oral health is an important indicator of overall health. Not smoking or using any type of tobacco products. The best way to prevent white spots on your gums is to practice and maintain proper oral hygiene. Pemphiqus, an uncommon, sometime fatal disease causing blisters in the mouth. We may earn a commission if you purchase something using one of our links. If you have a white patch in the mouth that does not go away, get it checked by a dentist or GP. White spots on gums may be a sign of leukoplakia, gum disease, candidiasis (fungal infections) or even more serious diseases such as STDs. This condition is caused by the overgrowth of cells in the oral cavity to form a white coating. Also discover a variety . Theyll be able to let you know if testing is needed and recommend treatment options. After visiting your doctor, he/she will decide the appropriate diagnosis method to use that can help to remove white bumps, spots or patches on the gums. If you notice the symptoms worsen and fail to go away on their own, please visit your health care provider. Speckled leukoplakia, where white patches are speckled with redder areas, may be particularly prone to being precancerous. Avoid self-medicating yourself and treating this at home. It is common for the inflammation to be as a result of; It is very common for children to get stomatitis at any time of their growth. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Leukoplakia in the mouth cavity may not be painful but it is advisable to go for medical treatment to reduce the risk of getting oral cancer. You need to take note, it is very strong and should not be used in excess. It can also help to dissolve tiny food debris that is trapped on the surface of the gum tissue. Although they can be painful and interfere with daily life, canker sores arent associated with any other severe condition. These can be topical, oral, or injectable. Symptoms include a small white or yellow oval-shaped ulcer, and a painful or tingling area in the mouth. In severe cases, your dentist may use oral steroid medications or use topical solutions to cauterize and seal the canker sores. Therefore, white spots on the gums are white spots on the gums, which can also appear in other places in the mouth, and that occur in response to a stimulus or aggression. White patches or spots under the mucous membrane of the gum might be a sign of anemia. Lichen planus is an autoimmune condition that generally doesnt go away. There isnt a cure for lichen planus, but there are various medications and treatments that can help manage the symptoms. White On Gums: 5 Common Causes and Their Treatments Discover causes, how it compares to a cold sore, prevention tips, Magic mouthwash helps treat mouth sores caused by conditions, such as cancer and oral thrush. Seeing your dentist regularly for cleanings and screenings. You can rinse your mouth with saltwater at home and avoid spicy or acidic foods to speed up treatment. While it is common to for people to have the spots on gums, it is painful and very irritating when you have them for long. Lesions on the tongue, soft palate, or lining of the mouth. Loose teeth. Explore pictures, causes, signs and symptoms of white spots, dots or patches on gums. Sometimes, the white spots on your gums are painless. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tongue-pain/Pages/Introduction.aspx, http://www.healthline.com/health/dental-and-oral-health/tongue-bumps, http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cancer-of-the-mouth/pages/introduction.aspx, http://everydayroots.com/canker-sore-remedies, Lump on Gums Pictures, Causes, Painful, Painless, (Hard Soft), Bumps, Get Rid, White Bumps on Lips Causes, Pictures, (Lower, Upper, Inside Lip), Small, Itchy, Get Rid, Also a sexually transmitted virus-Humann Papiloma Virus. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Tooth Abscess may appear as a gumboil, lump on gums, pimple on gums, white bump on gums or blister on gums. White Spots on Gums: Causes, Treatments and How to Prevent, Actas Dermo-Sifiliogrficas (English Edition). They disappear on their own within few days. You are advised to preferably mix your salt with warm water for better results. It gets rid of canker which is likely to cause white patches in the gums. It is the best remedy for getting rid of canker sore causing white bumps on tongue. They may be surrounded by a red "halo" of irritation. Most canker sores heal on their own within a couple of weeks. It can cause creamy white or yellow lesions on the gums, tongue, roof of mouth, and inner cheeks. The spots are thicker than their surroundings and cannot be rubbed off or easily scraped away. It is possible to develop painless malignant spots on your oral cavity including the gum. Crusty spots and rough areas on the gums. Early signs can include sores or lumps on the lips or in the mouth. This is confirmed when systemic factors are found to be implicated, this therefor means that the condition seizes to be burning mouth syndrome. It is a painful condition associated with redness, swelling and occasionally bleeding. You can use baking soda to remove white coatings on your gums. Oral psoriasis mostly affects the torso and extremities, it can also cause lesion on the mucus membrane including the tongue, lips and inside mouth peeling. The risk factors that can encourage the infection of oral lichen planus include the use of strong medication or presence of other underlying body condition that may weaken the immune system. Anemia is a body condition that occurs due to the deficiency of red blood cells in the body. Hydrogen peroxide can help to kill bacteria and fungi in the oral cavity that can help white sores on gum dry and heal fast. Please read through to get more insight of how to get rid of the white spots on gum. White spots in the mouth or patches result from pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which inflame the lining of the mouth causing swelling, redness, and ulcer formation. What Does Mouth Cancer Look Like? 5 Pictures of Mouth Cancer - Healthline It has also been found to be a chronic condition with no known cure. Oral thrush, like other yeast infections, is generally treated with antifungal medications. Mild allergic reaction to toothpaste is one of the reason for this to occur. This is to give you visual aid on how the spots on gums appear and understand the cause of your symptoms. Most of the mouthwash contain alcohol contents. Presence of white spots on gums is often an indication of a health problem. The way the spots look and feel can help determine the underlying cause. Oral lichen planus is an autoimmune condition that shows up as irregular patches or blotches with white lacing or webbing. Other symptoms include: discomfort. Treatment will depend heavily on whats causing the white spots on your gums. 2. The deposit of calcium on baby gums can go away on its own without treatment and no need to worry about it. These spots cannot easily be scraped off. White Gums: Causes And Symptoms | Colgate The effect of the alcohol in the Listerine has been found to include. Gum Boils (Abscess) Lump, Blister, Pimple Pictures and Treatment If you start experiencing severe itching then you need to see your doctor as soon as possible. In most case though, psoriasis in the mouth is uncommon. White spots may or may not be painful. Speckled leukoplakia, where the patches appear to have a mix of white and red areas, may be a sign of potential cancerous growth.7, According to Dr. Nandita Lilly, one of NewMouths in-house dentists, since leukoplakia can be precancerous, it is recommended to have a biopsy performed on the lesion.. It also has active enzymes that can break and dissolve the accumulate food debris, bacteria, and fungi that coat the gums. Most white patches and sores develop on the tongue, underneath the tongue, or on the insides of the cheeks. It may be triggered by certain medications or allergens, stress, or possibly viruses.3, While not life-threatening in itself, oral lichen planus may be associated with a slightly increased risk of oral cancer.4. All you need to do is, swish some warm water in your mouth, then apply a thick layer of raw organic honey, you can do this with your fingers or a spoon. It is usually caused by an adverse reaction to certain medication. A biopsy will be performed once the spots fail to go away after a week and the appropriate treatment may be carried out. Other symptoms may include: Leukoplakia causes white or grayish patches in the mouth that can thicken or harden. White Spots On Gums: Causes and Treatment | 25 Doctors (2013). They often resolve on their own within one to three weeks. What Are Those White Spots on Your Gums? - Wadia Dental Group These patches may be accompanied by a burning sensation. Major canker sores may need treatment, which could include: In some cases, products containing lidocaine will be applied to the area. . White spots on gums pictures Continuous use of hydrogen peroxide in killing dental bacteria may result in the formation of white patches on gums. 17 subscribers in the mouthcancer community. The image provided below is for illustrative purpose. Oral lichen planus can't be passed from one person to another. Canker sores can be small, and are often yellow or white with a small red border. Eating a healthy, well-balanced diet thats limited in sugar. It is not only adults who show white spots or bumps on the gums. Sores and mouth ulcers that fail to heal within a week. This reaction is either characterized by white spots on the gums or even bumps on the tongue. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. White Spots on Gums Pictures, Causes, Treatment for Painful Small White It can as well result in white spots on gums. He aims to make that information accurate, accessible, and memorable with a clear and knowledgeable voice. White spots and sores on gums: Causes, treatment, and symptoms Leukoplakia usually occurs on your gums, the insides of your cheeks, the bottom of your mouth beneath the tongue and, sometimes, your tongue. Below are few gum boil pictures to show how gum boils looks like: Gum boils Causes. When you have oral cancer, you will notice signs such as white spots on the gums. There are various oral conditions that are associated with white patches or spots on gums which has no pain. White spots that appear between the gum tissue and the tooth might be a film of the accumulate food debris, bacteria, and fungi. White spots or patches on gums can be removed using various methods depending on the type of oral condition. Depending with what is causing the white spots on the gum, the symptoms may vary from cause to cause. They can even form on the tongue. Healthy gums are normally pink in color. The exact causes of leukoplakia havent been determined, but tobacco is a main contributor. He brings to the role years of writing and editing experience and a passion for sharing vital oral and dental health information. Your health care provider will refer you to an intensive care unit or burn section for careful monitoring and treatment. Oral lichen planus often recurs even if the patches are removed. If your gum has intense pain that you cannot withstand, it is advisable to go for medical treatment that can help to relieve the pain. Aloe Vera has the antiseptic property that can help to remove white spots on gums. National dental organization confirms that white patches on the gums may show presence of gum cancer. You may also be prescribed corticosteroid medication. Leukoplakia are small white patches that appear on the gums, the insides of the cheeks, the bottom of the mouth, and the tongue. Babies are also affected with condition. Your email address will not be published. It begins with flu like syndrome, followed by a red rash that spreads and form blisters. Allergic reaction in the oral cavity can result in white spots or patches on gums, tongue and inside cheeks. Antifungal medications can treat oral thrush effectively. Factors that accelerate the risk of oral cancer include; heavy alcohol consumption, continuous use of tobacco products, as well as continuous exposure to the sun.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'curehows_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_10',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-curehows_com-medrectangle-4-0'); You are therefore advised to see your doctor for a checkup as soon as you notice white spots on the gums. Cause of white spots or patches on gum tissues: How to get rid of white spots or patches on gums: Home remedies to get rid of white spots, patches or bumps on gums: Signs and symptoms of dry skin around the eyes: Causes of dry skin on face around the eyes: How to get rid of dry skin around the eyes: Home remedies for dry skin around the eyes: Home remedies for dry skin on face around the eyelids. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Readers should consult with a licensed doctor or . White spots in gum can be as a result of an array of causes. Canker sores are one of the most common causes of white spots on the gums. Youll be numbed before the removal. Contact with spicy or acidic foods may cause pain. It is this properties that will help reduce the pain caused by sore throats and also help speed the healing process of the white bumps on tongue. All NewMouth content is medically reviewed and fact-checked by a licensed dentist or orthodontist to ensure the information is factual, current, and relevant. If youre experiencing white spots on the gums along with new symptoms like pain, a cottony feeling in the mouth, and bleeding that doesnt resolve within one week, make an appointment to see your dentist. It also has the ability to remove white stuff that can coat your gums. The affected parts will eventually die and start to peel off. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. It also has a soothing property that can relieve tender and inflamed gums. They may become thick or hard, and they may be uncomfortable or painful depending on the cause. See our, White Spots on Gums, Around, Pictures, Painful, Causes, Get Rid, Treatment & Home Remedies, http://www.colgate.com/en/us/oc/oral-health/conditions/mouth-sores-and-infections/article/white-gums-1016, https://symptomchecker.webmd.com/multiple-symptoms?symptoms=gum-sores%7Cmouth-sores%7Cswollen-gums%7Cwhite-patches-inside-mouth&symptomids=296%7C280%7C447%7C425&locations=7%7C7%7C7%7C7, http://topdentists.com/learn/dental-conditions/white-gums/, https://www.healthline.com/health/pale-gums#overview1, http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/White-Gums-Around-Teeth.html, http://www.dentalfearcentral.org/forum/showthread.php?22412-small-white-spot-on-gum, http://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-you/oral-health/5-dental-symptoms-you-should-never-ignore/, http://wellbeingkid.com/white-spot-on-my-baby-gums/, http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/how-do-i-treat-white-spots-on-gums.htm, https://www.carefreedental.com/resources/24-your-teeth/116-19-amazing-home-remedies-for-removing-plaque-naturally, Red Spots on Legs, Feet, Dots, Patches, Itchy or Not, Pictures, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Purple Spots on Skin, Patches, Lines, Tiny Light, Purpura, Pictures, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Brown Recluse Spider Bites, Pictures, Stages, Signs & Symptoms, Treatment & Home Remedies, Black Spots on Skin, Tiny Dots, Patches, Dark, Itchy, Pictures, Causes, Get Rid, Treatment & Home Remedies, Lump on Finger, Joint Bone, Small, Hard, Painful, Pictures, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Dry Skin on Ears, Behind, Earlobe, Canal, Flaky, Causes, Get Rid, Pictures, Treatment & Home Remedies, Mole on Face, Meaning, Black, White, Big, Small, Flat, Raised, New, Causes, Cancerous, Removal & Treatment, Red Spots on Face, Baby, Small or Tiny, Dry, Itchy, Causes, Get Rid, Treatment & Home Remedies, Sunburn on Face, Swollen, Peeling, Babies, Pictures, Treatment & Home Remedies, Ringworm on Face, Rash, Pictures, Causes, Symptoms, Prevention Treatment & Home Remedies, White Spots on Face, Dots, Patches, Small, Pictures, Causes, Get Rid, Treatment & Home Remedies, Itchy Skin No Rash or Bites, Worse at Night, All Over, Stress, Cancer, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Dry Skin on Penis, Penile Shaft, Head, Itchy, Pictures, Causes, Std, Get Rid, Treatment & Home Remedies, Red Bumps on Skin, Baby, Not Itchy, Flat, Raised, Pictures, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Bump Behind Ear Lobe, on Bone, Pea Sized, Pictures, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Lump on Roof of Mouth, Hard, Sore, Painful, Small, Pictures, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Lump on Penis, Shaft, Head, Foreskin, Red, White, Pictures, Std, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, Bump on Back of Neck, Hairline, Near Spine, Left or Right Side, Pictures, Causes, Treatment & Home Remedies, https://www.livestrong.com/article/322233-dry-flaky-skin-around-eyes/, https://symptomchecker.webmd.com/multiple-symptoms?symptoms=dry-eyes%7Ceyelid-redness%7Citching-or-burning%7Cscaley-skin-on-eyelids&symptomids=301%7C543%7C129%7C545&locations=3%7C3%7C3%7C3, https://treatpanel.com/dry-skin-around-eyes-causes-flaky-eyelid-treat-home-remedies/, https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/skin-care, https://www.wikihow.com/Heal-Dry-Skin-Around-Eyes, http://www.vaseline.us/skin-health-care/dry-skin-around-the-eyes.html, http://www.stylecraze.com/articles/15-tips-to-control-dryness-around-your-eyes/#gref, https://healthh.com/dry-skin-around-eyes/, Red swollen gums with white dots or patches, Tender gums that can bleed easily after brushing your teeth, Difficult in chewing, talking and swallowing, White coating or film on surface of the gums, Mix two teaspoon of salt into one glass of warm water, Gargle the salt solution in your mouth for 5 minutes and spit out, Alternatively, place small amount of salt crystal on toothbrush and clean your mouth cavity, Repeat the treatment three times per day for few weeks until white spots or patches on gums go away, Mix 1 teaspoon of baking soda with few drops of lemon juice to create a paste, Place the paste on your toothbrush and brush your gums or teeth in a gentle way, Finally, rinse your mouth with warm water, Repeat this procedure two times per day for few weeks until white stuff on you gums clear away, Rinse your mouth cavity with solution of hydrogen peroxide, Repeat the treatment three times per day until white spots on gum go away, Mix 2 teaspoon of raw honey into one glass of lemon juice, Swish the mixture in your mouth cavity for 5 minutes before spitting it out, Apply tea tree oil on your gums by using a cotton swab, Apply it three times per day for few week until white mass on gums disappear, Swish your mouth with one teaspoon of Aloe Vera juice or gel, Remove the gel out of the mouth by spitting it, Do this treatment three times per day for few week until white spots or patches on gum goes away, When white spots or patches on gums have persisted for more than three weeks and has refused to go away, When white spots or patches on your gums are too painful and cause difficulties in chewing, speaking and swallowing, If white spots on gums accompanied other symptoms like loose teeth, tender gums, bad breath and swollen gums, If your baby develops strange white spots or bumps on the gums that are worrisome, If white spots or patches on gums are hard bumps that can bleed easily if something touches. The white spots or bumps may be resulting from emerging natal teeth. Read on to find out what these bumps mean, pictures, causes and how to get rid them. Canker sores can form white ulceration of gums and on the other parts of the oral cavity. It typically isnt painful, and its general lack of symptoms often cause it to go undetected. The most common causes of mouth infections and disorder including inside mouth peeling and white spots on both tongue and gums has been found to be one or a combination of the following causes; Oral cancer also known as mouth cancer occurs when a tumor develops inside the lining of your mouth or on tongue, that is the mucus membrane covering your mouth, throat and digestive lining. Treating the underlying cause of the spots is the best way of getting rid of the spots and avoid them recurring in the future. Some of the characteristics of mouth ulcers are white bumps in the mouth. Periodontitis can also result in white ulcers on the surface of the gums. You'll likely notice them along the gums or roof your baby's mouth. Even that, the white spots due to such reactions do not hurt. Medically Reviewed by Khushbu Gopalakrishnan, Home Why is Oral Health Important? Continuous use of tobacco product may also cause the patches to appear on your gums. It contains antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-itching properties all which aid in the healing process when you have the white spots in your gums. Having white gums or speckled areas of discoloration are usually differentiated from one another based on other symptoms, such as: bleeding pus or drainage a bad taste in your mouth whether the area wipes off how large the white area is where the white spots are located burning sensations tooth pain lesions visible on dental X-rays You may get white spots on your gums once you use hydrogen peroxide. There are commonly characterized by: Is the inside of mouth peeling and hurts? Also learn how to get rid of them with treatments and home remedies. Salt has the ant-microbes property that can help to remove bacteria and fungi in the mouth cavity. White lesions in the oral cavity: A clinicopathological study from a tertiary care dermatology centre in Kerala, India. Canker sores generally resolve on their own, however. White spots in gum can be as a result of an array of causes. Trauma and friction from poorly fitting dentures or sharp edges of fillings can cause white spots on the gums. To alleviate the disease, you can do the following; It is possible for your inside mouth to start peeling and develop white bumps on tongue after brushing your teeth. Swish the mixture over the sores three time in a day to ease the pain and facilitate healing of the sores. Epstein pearls look like whitish-yellow nodules, about 1 . Lip cancer: Sign and symptoms, pictures, and treatment - Medical News Today It is a burning sensation where no underlying medical or dental cause cannot be identified and has no signs in the mouth most of the times. This condition can also affect other parts of the oral cavity to develop white coating. The infection of Leukoplakia in the mouth cavity can increase the risk for you to develop oral cancer. Teeth which some babies are born with. Oral injuries or trauma can result in white spots on gums. The appearance of the leukoplakia is mostly as follows: For those with weak immune system (due to medication and disease mainly HIV/AIDS) may experience a different type of leukoplakia called hairy leukoplakia. An irritant like a rough tooth, broken denture, or tobacco can cause cell overgrowth and. There are two known gum diseases that include gingivitis and periodontitis. Mouthwash containing anesthetic may be prescribed to numb your mouth and make swallowing easy. The main cause of the overgrowth of cells is not clearly known but according to the dentist, leukoplakia is associated with smoking and chewing tobacco. This can prevent a host of infections that could cause white spots, pain, or tooth loss. ear pain when swallowing. Most people who use hydrogen peroxide to kill dental bacteria should be aware of such side effects. The risk factors that can encourage oral thrush on gums include the use of strong antibiotics, poor oral hygiene or any other underlying diseases in the body. Here include signs and symptoms of white spot on gums: White spots or patches on the gum are a common oral problem. White spots on your gums cause a lot of discomfort especially when they come with a painful irritation. Lichen planus can also affect other parts of the body, including the skin, esophagus, and genitals. White Spots on Gums, Around, Pictures, Painful, Causes, Get Rid The infection can cause serious mouth damage to an individual with a weakened body defense system. It also possible for the Stevens-Johnson syndrome to be caused by an infection. HIV Mouth Sores: What They Look Like and How to Treat Them - Healthline You can prevent white bumps from occurring with good oral hygiene. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. It can also result in bleeding gums and difficulties in chewing, speaking, swallowing and brushing teeth. Could the white spots on my gums be a sign of oral cancer? These white or grayish patches may feel hard and dont wipe away. (2017). While canker sores dont have a clear cause or a definitive cure, they can be affected by your diet. Epstein Pearls: Symptoms, Pictures, Causes, and Treatment - Healthline For instance, oral cancer cannot be treated by home remedies but it requires special medical treatment from a qualified doctor.

Taking The Escalator Cross Addiction, Articles W

Previous post: