Now art thou my lieutenant. Succeeds in unknown fate. Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. : 2022625 : archetypal criticism in othello In the essay Frye critically analyses literature against the backdrop of rituals and myths. Archetypal criticism | SpringerLink By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. Tis done at your request; but let her live. As Othello came to his breaking point, desdemona foreshadows her own death and he lets jealousy take over. Character Analysis of Shakespeare's Othello - ThoughtCo Wow! As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. O my souls joy, In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. And will upon the instant put thee tot. Iago will direct the remainder of the play, constructing Othellos down-fall out of the flimsiest evidence and playing on the strengths and weaknesses of Othellos nature and the doubts that erode Othellos faith in Desdemona. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. I do perceive here a divided duty: This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. Archetypal criticism is a literary approach that analyzes works of literature based on the idea that there are universal, timeless patterns and themes that recur across all cultures and throughout history. Othello assumes that Emilia is helping Desdemona in her infidelity. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. That such a man should fall so far and so fast gives the play an almost unbearable momentum. Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. Othello: Character List | SparkNotes Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Othello - Criticism . Historical-Cultural Criticism In William Shakespeare's Othello The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. He suffers barbs and preconceived notions, yet Othello is esteemed and wins the love of the daughter of a nobleman. Van Meurss bibliography conveys the great variety of Jungian writings on literature even within one language, the increasingly recognized potential for further development and use of Jungs ideas, and the growth in numbers of literary scholars falling under the influence of Jung. A fig! Self-interest is all that matters, and love is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Othello and Desdemona cannot possibly remain devoted to each other, and, as Iago concludes, If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an err-ing barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. The problem of Iagos motivation to destroy Othello and Desdemona is not that he has too few motives but too many. May the wind blow till they have wakened death, He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. The term archetype can be traced to Plato (arche, original; typos, form), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work of the Swiss founder of analytical psychology, C. G. Jung (1875-1961). What makes you cringe? In Othello, the themes such as love and jealousy reflects on the characters motivation and their values. Of all Shakespeares tragedies . In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. PPT - Archetypal Criticism PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". But heres my husband; As the pair kneels together, they exchange vows: Iago: Witness you ever-burning lights above, Archetypal Criticism - A Companion to Literary Theory - Wiley Online And new theories increasingly give credence to the requirement, historically asserted by Jungian readers, that each text elicit a personal, affective, and not merely intellectual response. But Jos van Meurss critically annotated 1988 bibliography, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980, effectively challenges this claim. The execution of his wit, hands, heart Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. Egypt) and titles (e.g. Eliot, Samuel Taylor) characterize themselves as realists, pragmatic, practical, eschewing the supporters of the so-called weaker Othello, who conversely tend to describe themselves as somehow morally elevated, more empathetic. The Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology is a critical work published in 1963. - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. Many fell prey to Jungs idiosyncrasies as a reader, ranging widely and naively over genres, periods, and languages in search of the universal archetypes, while sweeping aside cultureand text-specific problems, ignoring their own role in the act of reading and basing critical evaluation solely on a texts contribution to the advancement of the readers individuation process, a kind of literature-astherapy standard. O, damn her, damn her! An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space. archetypal criticism in othello (2023). The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. . This juxtaposition between Othello's transparency and Iago's duality identifies him as a sympathetic character despite his actions. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . The approaches of semiologists, structuralists and deconstructivists . . Archetypal Criticism - Chirila - Major Reference Works - Wiley Online Othello A Christian Moor who has earned a high reputation as a general in the Venetian army and has recently married Desdemona, daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio. Northrop frye archetypal criticism - WikiEducator Historical Criticism in Othello by Marissa Willette - Prezi His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. He is the general of the Venetian army and a well respected man by the towns noble men. edmonton oilers jokes archetypal criticism in othello archetypal criticism in othello. This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. Thus criticism evolving from his work is more accurately named archetypal and is quite distinct from myth criticism. Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. Despite naively playing into Iago's hands earlier by giving him the handkerchief, Emilia shows her earnest loyalty to Desdemona. Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? Here are some examples of archetype in Shakespearean works: Lover: Romeo ("Romeo and Juliet"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet"), Antony ("Antony and Cleopatra") Hero: Othello ("Othello"), Hamlet . . If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." Othello is a tragedy plan written by William Shakespeare. Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. Sign up O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. archetypal criticism in othello boone county wv obituaries In this play there are only three women in the entire play. The term "archetype" can be traced to Plato (arche, "original"; typos, "form"), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work . Othello, being a hero, enjoys a good reputation and has notable qualities. The present essay, "Archetypes of Literature," is taken from the book. In Re-Visioning Psychology, the published text of his 1972 Yale Terry Lectures (the same lecture series Jung gave in 1937), Hillman locates the archetypal neither in the physiology of the brain, the structure of language, the organization of society, nor the analysis of behavior, but in the processes of imagination (xi). According to Hillman, that discourse was anticipated by Evangelos Christous Logos of the Soul (1963) and extended in religion (David L. Millers New Polytheism, 1974), philosophy (Edward Caseys Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, 1976), mythology (Rafael Lopez-Pedrazas Hermes and His Children, 1977), psycholinguistics (Paul Kuglers Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, 1982), and the theory of analysis (Patricia Berrys Echos Subtle Body, 1982). A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. Analysis. The Women of Othello There are only three female characters in Othello, and each plays a critical role in Shakespeare's artfully crafted plot of jealousy and retribution. While the beautiful. Is Othello or Hamlet better? However, for Othello this is not the case. Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). The next significant development in archetypal theory that affected literary studies grew out of the effort made by U.S.-born, Zurich-trained analyst James Hillman (b. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? A feminist critique of the character Desdemona in Shakespeares "Othello The tragic hero archetype is used in many different pieces of writing and with every character comes a different way of using it. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. QAFQAZ UNIVERSITY SPRING, 2013. Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. Reading example essays works the same way! Archetypal Criticism - ResearchGate This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? "He is, in a sense, a 'self made man', the . Learn what works (and what doesn't) from the reader's perspective. His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. Desdemona is oblivious to what is going on around her and stays loyal to her morals but Iagos rumours lure Othello to thinking otherwise. Of one that loved not wisely but too well, Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. In the beginning of the play, Othello is seen as content with his new bride: For know, Iago, But that I love the gentle Desdemona (1.2.24-25). "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. The contrast is most pronounced from the beginning of the play to its conclusion, switching from being calm and peaceful to acts of uncontrolled venomous rage. To you, preferring you before her father, When Othello cant dismiss his suspicions of his wife being unfaithful any longer he starts to lose his morality . "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . 125-126). Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. As scholar Edward Pechter has argued, During the past twenty-five years or so, Othello has become the Shakespearean tragedy of choice, replacing King Lear in the way Lear had earlier replaced Hamlet as the play that speaks most directly and powerfully to current interests.. An archetypal critic would also say that the recurring patterns in literature prove that there are universal For the onlookers on stage, the final tableau of the dead Desdemona and Othello poisons sight and provokes the command to Let it be hid. The witnesses on stage cannot compute rationally what has occurred nor why, but the audience has been given a privileged view of the battle between good and evil worked out in the private recesses of a bedroom and a human soul. His imagination is excited to intense activity, but it is the activity of concentration rather than dilation. That not another comfort like to this Shakespeare on the other hand has portrayed women as both object and subject. It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. what is wrong with franklin baby on tiktok. How is archetypal criticism used to discuss Othello Archetypal No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. Let us know! Othello is a train wreck that the audience horrifyingly witnesses, helpless to prevent or look away. "Who can control his fate?" 2. After the. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. After Othello returns from war at sea with the Turks, his fortune begins a downward spiral. Further, the text offered confirmation (and poetic representation) of the only direct contribution Jung made to literary theory: a distinction between psychological and visionary texts (Collected 15:89-90). Literary Critics on Othello - Litchapter.com Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. The romantic climax comes in the trial scene of act 1, in which Othello success-fully defends himself before the Venetian senate against Brabantios charge that Othello has beguiled his daughter, stoln from me, and corrupted / By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks. Calmly and courteously Othello recounts how, despite the differences of age, race, and background, he won Desdemonas heart by recounting the stories of his exotic life and adventures: She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them. Wonder at Othellos heroic adventures and compassion for her sympathy have brought the two opposites togetherthe young, inexperienced Venetian woman and the brave, experienced outsider. A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. That Cassios not alive. Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. (PDF) Archetypal Criticism | Tiyas Mondal - Academia.edu Othello Literary Criticism - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jungs theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. Van Meurs also does a service by resurrecting successful but neglected early studies, such as Elizabeth Drews of T. S. Eliot (1949), and discovering value even in reductionist and impressionistic studies, such as June Singers of Blake. Placing responsibility in the stars - he calls Desdemona an "ill-starred wench" - is hardly a gallant course of action. Moreover, Shakespeare, by deliberately clouding the issue of Iagos motive, finds ever more sinister threats in such a characters apparently bottomless and unmerited hatred and capacity for evil. You elements that clip us round about, Othello, likewise, has tradud the state and has changed from noble and valiant Othello to a beast, with the passion that ennobled him shown as corrosive and demeaning. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. (V.2.320-322) Giving up is hardly Othello's style, but this is how a noble and true man should react when he has mistakenly killed his wife. The young Venetian noblewoman, Desdemona, has eloped with the middle-aged Othello, the military commander of the armed forces of Venice. Desdemona replies that it was her fault: Nobody I myself. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othello's inevitable downfall. After Othello learns of a possible affair between Cassio and Desdemona, at this instance is the turning point in Othellos fortune because it changes his views, attitudes and ultimately his fate. Desdemona finally, dramatically appears before the senate to support Othellos account of their courtship and to balance her obligation to her father and now to her husband based on the claims of love: My noble father, When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. Olympus-high, and duck again as low Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. I am hitherto your daughter. archetypal criticism in othello A general in the army, Othello holds a distinguished place in the Duke's court due to his victories in battle, but not an equal one. In Othello, the plot meets the definition of both Aristotle and Shakespeare on a tragedy. (And nope, we don't source our examples from our editing service! These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . Archetypal analysis is an appropriate model for customer heterogeneity whenever the underlying structure is best defined by the extremes. He offers throughout the play multiple justifi cations for his intrigue: He has been passed over in favor of Cassio; he suspects the Moor and Cassio with his wife, Emilia; he is envious of Cassios open nature; and he is desirous of Desdemona himself. In his "The . After Othello was convinced that Desdemona was cheating on him, Othello had started to show his disappointment with her. Archetypal Literary Criticism. Archetypal Criticism Volume I. Othello: Damn her, lewd minx! Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. 2. Witness that here Iago doth give up James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. He carries out his own execution for a violation that threatens social and psychic order. Carl Jung & Archetypal Criticism - SlideServe Abstract. Archetypal literary criticism | Cram Archetype - Examples and Definition of Archetype - Literary Devices Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. Othello also matches Aristotle's ideas of tragic hero because our Othello realizes the error of his ways, causing us to feel sympathy for him. Emilia comes into the couples bedroom after Othello smothers Desdemona, but hears Desdemona cry out. Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. Because of that, it has generated a lot of literary criticism in the 400 years since it was written and first . A tragic hero has many characteristics, 3 of them being that they must have an error in judgement, they must have a reversal of fortune, and they must recognize that the reversal of fortune was brought about by their own actions. Discuss The Archetypes Of The Tragedy In Othello | 123 Help Me
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