"After the incident", I started to be more careful not to trip over things. The lower (right) valve of this scallop is usually whitish with small reddish or purple spotting on the sides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argopecten_gibbus. Please note that CBC does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. The fossils found in this period are: Quaternary Period - Pecten gibbus and Neptunea tabulata Tertiary Period - Calyptraphorus velatus and Venericardia planicosta Mesozoic Era This era is considered as the age of medieval life. These are helpful in the determination of organic rocks and fossil assemblages as well as studying the time zones of the specific regions. The fossils are collected to know the accurate knowledge about it. Thus, the presence of index fossils leads to the verification of the theory of Continental Drift. It's almost impossible to even imagine the odds of finding this," he said. Material taken from Geologic Time by The park, which is a UNESCO World Heritage site, has an abundance of preserved vertebrates, but finding fossils of soft-bodied speciesis new, she said. At the beginning of the Paleozoic Era, they evolved whereas went extinct during the late Permian period i.e. Philippi, R. A. There were basic models of life before bacteria, possbily a virus. Some municipalities are taking natural gas out of buildings in a shift to a greener future. By usage of some physical or biological methods, stratigraphic correlations can also be made. Because of their evolutionary rates, these are time-specific. 1. d. A=1cm2A=1\text{ cm}^2A=1cm2, d=5106cmd=5\times10^{-6}\text{ cm}d=5106cm, K=6K_\epsilon=6K=6. The shells are commonly found washed up on ocean beaches. This species was once the basis of an important fishery, but in recent years catches have been low.[1]. The Atlantic calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, is a species of medium-sized edible saltwater clam, specifically a scallop, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. FortisBC, which delivers natural gas and electricity to customers in British Columbia,successfully lobbied for Vancouver to allow an exception for renewable natural gas in its new regulations. The markings on rock surfaces look like pencil marks. . But the specimen dates back 375 million years, from an era . In this article, we will cover index fossils, index fossil definition & meaning along with index fossil examples and other related aspects which will be helpful to grasp this concept. Row 2, MESOZOIC ERA. ichnofossils - Skolithos,Climactichnites,Protichnites, on NW side of Mt Royal on Westbury Ave near Mackenzie St, on NW side of Mt Royal on Cote-Sainte-Catherine Rd W of Decelles Ave, Along N bank of St Lawrence River through City and in outcrops E and W on S shore. Why do academics stay as adjuncts for years rather than move around? Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines. How to notate a grace note at the start of a bar with lilypond? What is the ICD-10-CM code for skin rash. Frozen scallops should be thawed in the refrigerator overnight. 10km E of Quebec City on S side of St Lawrence River. Even fossils of tropical plants such as ferns, cycads etc are being found in the Arctic island, Spitsbergen. These are widespread colonial marine hemichordates. When search suggestions are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. How do endocytosis and exocytosis differ from diffusion? Unlike many other bivalves, they lack siphons. It only takes a minute to sign up. "They definitely work in eliminating the burning of fossil fuels in new buildings," Henchen said. The markings on rock surfaces look like pencil marks. Index fossils are the fossils that are also known as a guide as well as indicator fossils that are found commonly and distributed widely and limited in time and any animal & plant that is preserved in the rock of the earth. They lived during the period of Cambrian roughly from 540 to 505 million years ago) to the early to mid-Carboniferous (360 to 320 million years ago). Relation between transaction data and transaction id. Permian-Triassic extinction). But the specimen dates back 375 million years, from an era called the Late Devonian. Pecten is related to other scallops. Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. The table shows index fossils. Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology, The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. Plate tectonics causes loss or displacement of fossils. But both he and Bataille acknowledged that they're not enough to decarbonize cities. The exterior coloration of the upper (left) valve of this species is most typically a mottled pattern of purple on a cream background. Fossil of certain geologic time may be easier to find as compared to those or other era, such as newer fossils are easier to find than older ones. This was about 1.8 million years ago, but seashells are often found looking just like them which is proof of evolution. Species in the genus Pecten include:[3][4][5][6][7]. Index Fossil Examples: Some of the common index fossils are given below along with their name, time they represent as well as images: Time: Cretaceous Period 145 to 66 million years ago. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Row 3, PALEOZOIC ERA. About 10 localities along the St Lawrence River for 100 km South and West of Montreal as well as a pair 100 and 200 km further North and East. Quebec: Starting Dec. 31, 2021, oil-powered heating has been banned in new construction projects. Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. Enumeratio molluscorum Siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium, quae in itinere suo observavit. Valve color and shell morphometry distinguish calico scallops from related species. What impact will they have? Pseudonyms will no longer be permitted. Nanofossils: These are microscopic fossils (the remains of calcareous nannoplankton, coccolithophores) from various eras. vertebrates-Alaspis,Ateleaspis,Bothriolepis,Cephalaspis,Cheirolepis,Coccosteus,Elpistostege,Eusthenopteron,Fleurantia,Holoptychius,Homalacanthus,Scaumenacia,Scaumenella,Triazeugacanthus, Arthrodire fish,Bothriolepis Crossopterygian fish - Eusthenopteron, Fairly abundant graptolites and invertebrates in clasts in conglomerates, Classic locality. They consist of remains of plants and animals along with other species in the layers of sedimentary rocks. Where you find such fossils you will very likely find associated micro-fossils in the same rock, which are more diagnostic of age. (ccc) the maximum speed of the mass; Calculate the capacitance, CCC, of a capacitor for each set of physical characteristics listed. Argopecten gibbus Name Homonyms Pecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bibliographic References. A variety of newsletters you'll love, delivered straight to you. tion of time given by, x(t)=(7.40cm)cos[(4.16rad/s)t2.42]x(t)=(7.40 \mathrm{~cm}) \cos [(4.16 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}) t-2.42] "It's a very interesting fossil, and it's revealing a lot of insights about the evolution of life," said Richard Cloutier, a paleontologist and one of the lead researchers. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Vancouver and Quebec recently banned certain kinds of fossil fuel-based heating in new homeconstruction. The largest is inNew York City. They float on the surface of the water and are small in size. The boundaries of these divisions have occurred due to mass extinction incidents (e.g. Third, it is abundant and found everywhere. In the meantime, Bataille urges homeowners to think ahead about decarbonization of their heating systems. Hans Larsson, a paleontology professor at McGill University's Redpath Museum who was not involved in the research, confirmed the fossil's discovery was exceptional: "Imagine preserving a jellyfish for hundreds of millions of years in a rock. Brachiopods: They emerged 550 million years ago. To date, marine sediments are the primary methods. It is most abundant in the marine environment but is evenly distributed throughout the Earth. Various merits of Index Fossils are mentioned below: These fossils are used by geologists as well as palaeontologists as significant aids in order to determine the correlation as well as the age of rock sequences or patterns. A useful index fossil must be distinctive or easily recognizable, abundant, and have a wide geographic distribution and a short range through time. The interior of the shell is white, often with some beige coloration on the "ears" and top edge. This helps us find out the relative ages of the layers of rocks and the fossils that are formed inside them. Pecten Gibbus By: Isabela Hodge Overview Pecten Gibbus is an index fossil from in Cenozoic Era in the Quaternary Period. Henchen said governments also need to stop allowing gas companies to subsidize the expansion of gas infrastructure and the connection of new customers through existing customers' bills (something that's happening in Ontario). Definition. The fossils found in this period are: Cretaceous Period - Scaphites hippocrepis and Inoceramus labiatus Schropp, Berlin [Berolini]. RNG is derived from biological sources such as food waste from plants that absorbed carbon as they grewand therefore can be theoretically carbon-neutral. This discovery is important because it confirms that comb jellies were among the earliest multicellular animals, giving clues about the origins of complex life forms on the planet, explained the paleontologist who works at the Universit duQubecRimouski. Water moves over a filtering structure, where food particles become trapped in mucus. Methane is emitted in the production of all fossil fuels, including coal and heavy oil, even if it isn't collected for use in the process. How can I learn to spot fossils and fossil-bearing rocks on the Jurassic coast? Is it possible to rotate a window 90 degrees if it has the same length and width? Policies are also needed to electrify existing buildings, and gas bans alone aren't the right solution, given the cost of retrofits, Bataille said. The calico scallop, Argopecten gibbus, is closely related to the bay scallop; it is found also in the western North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico but in deeper water further offshore. Laura Lynch checks in on two towns on either side of Lake Ontario, both leading the way. When search suggestions are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The ban includes heating, hot water and cooking appliances, although there are exceptions for laundromats and commercial kitchens. It will be available for public viewing next year. Pecten is a genus of large scallops or saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. a comblike part or process. I have no idea, that's why I just would be interested to have your opinion on this topic. Fossil Center. Index Fossils Pecten gibbus ing of the land surface, sediments were deposited on the ocean floor. $1.49 . Add some good to your morning and evening. The coarseness and rib spacing of Vertipectens has been slowly evolving since the early and Mid-Miocene, so they have been around for at least 16 million years, maybe up to 20 million years. Some of the leaders include Denmark, which banned installation of oil-fired boilers and natural gas heating in new buildings in 2013, and is now subsidizing the electrification of older buildings, and Norway, which banned the use of oil heating in 2020 and has almost completely electrified its building heating. Rodes, Herbert S. Zim en Paul R. Shaffer (1993) - Natuurgids Fossielen (het ontstaan, prepareren en rangschikken van fossielen), Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar. They are quite useful in defining boundaries in the geological time scale and also for the stratas correlation. What are Ordovican trace fossils, and what do they look like? Index fossils are the fossils that are commonly found as well as widely distributed and are the fossils limited in the period. Temperature Inversion - Types, Conditions, Effects and FAQs, Jet Stream - Layers, Formation, Types, Facts and FAQs, Forest Fire - Types, Effects, Natural Disaster and Management, Fly Ash - Concrete, Bricks, Sources, Relation and Facts, Rivers - Origin, History, Formation and Uses, Typhoon - Formation, Structure, Differences and FAQs, Relation Between Temperature and Humidity, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. b. A=0.05cm2A=0.05\text{ cm}^2A=0.05cm2, d=0.001cmd=0.001\text{ cm}d=0.001cm, K=500K_\epsilon=500K=500. Scientists discover a new invertebrate species in rare fossil in Gasp park | CBC News Loaded. Superficially similar fore-runners of the modern pecten can be found right back in the early Mesozoic, but were technically different species back then. "It confirmed that the Miguasha site is really exceptional," she said. The other is the rough scallop, (Aequipecten muscosus), which has unequal 'ears' and has sharp scales on the lower surface of the ribs. He estimates it would add between $5,000 and $20,000 to the cost of a home, which is "virtually nothing" on the scale of the total average Canadian home price of $720,850. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. A group of Montreal neighbours are enjoying their first winter with their homes being heated by a shared geothermal heat source. 3. Desjardins MRC. Theyre only found on the east coast in bays and harbors. However, there has been a big push to instead choose more efficient heat pumps. Exposures of Taconic sediments cover most of Cambrian. Lastly, it is limited to the geological time scale. There are various numbers of beneficial nanofossils which include radiolarians & foraminifera. Row 1, CENOZOIC ERA. The IEA recommended in May that bans on new fossil fuel boilers need to start being introduced globally in 2025 and that most old buildings and all new ones must comply with zero-carbon-ready building energy codes. It is not found in bays; instead it lives in open water up to 100-foot depths. Argopecten gibbus, the Atlantic calico scallop, is a species of medium-sized edible marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. rev2023.3.3.43278. Index fossils are the fossils that are commonly found as well as widely distributed and are the fossils limited in the period. Fossils are the remains of ancient living things like plants and animals preserved from the prehistoric period by the prospect of natural conditions. To encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to CBC/Radio-Canada's online communities (except in children and youth-oriented communities). It is a priority for CBC to create products that are accessible to all in Canada including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. And what impact will they have on people who live in those cities? There are mainly 4 characteristics of these fuels. WATCH | Montreal neighbours share geothermal heat source. These are mollusc-like marine animals) that appeared during the Cambrian (540 to 500 mya) some of them still survive. While bay scallop shells are solid in color, the upper shell of a calico scallop is a patchwork of red and pink. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. In most cases, fossil fuel combustion is being replaced with electric heating. The species is a ctenophore, or comb jelly, a soft-bodied animalthat looks like a jellyfish. Cooking without gas: why cities are cutting methane from homes. 5. An expert from Switzerland and one from Australia eventually also joined the research team. The exterior coloration of the upper (left) valve of this species is most typically a mottled pattern of purple on a cream background. It is not found in bays; instead it lives in open water up to 100-foot depths. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period (age range: from 70.6 to 0.0 million years ago). He suggests they lookat hybrid gas and electric heat pump systems now and takethe option to use renewable natural gas if the option is offered. After the Cretaceous period, they were not found as they went extinct during the K-T extinction ( 65 million years ago ). Ammonites: The fossil of ancient marine animals is said to be known as an ammonite index fossil. My question is: how old such a fossil can be, approximately? During the Mesozoic era, they were common (245 to 65 million years ago ). Canada itself has also committed to reaching net-zero emissions by 2050. Raw scallops are not just edible; theyre incredible. Cyril Walker & David Ward (1993) - Fossielen: Sesam Natuur Handboeken, Bosch & Keuning, Baarn. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period (age range: from 70.6 to 0.0 million years ago). They are used by geological scientists. Add some good to your morning and evening. Show More A starts with Appearance This species grows up to three inches in maximum width, and is similar in shape and sculpturing to the Atlantic bay scallop. 1 / 13. The color of the rough scallop is yellow, orange, red or brownish. Some species lived in a particular space and environment and animal/plant life is preserved in rocks of the Earth that are a feature of a particular reach of geologic time or environment. Pecten gibbus are index fossils found in the Cenozoic Era in the Quaternary period, 1.8 million years ago. New construction is being targeted largely because electrification of a new home is cheap and relatively simple, Bataille said. noun, plural pectens, pectines [pek-tuh-neez]. How can I check before my flight that the cloud separation requirements in VFR flight rules are met? Term. How do I align things in the following tabular environment? They are said to be the most common fossils. Use MathJax to format equations. Cenozoic era, Quaternary period (similar to seashells) Neptunea tabulata. What other areas of the planet might be rich in Mesozoic-era fossils that have yet to be explored? I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. By 2025, all new and replacement heating and hot water . Fossil Scallop Among the many shells are beautiful fossil scallops, including forms like this called Pecten or Chesapecten. One hundred and twelve species are reported from this community of which only two, Polydora websteri and Cerato- nereis tridenlata, can be loosely considered as borers. According to this, all the continents of the world that we can see today have been originated from a single supercontinent i.e Pangea and breaking the Pangea into smaller pieces leads to drifting away of these pieces from each other around 200 mn years ago which leads to the formation of present continents. Mike Henchen is the principal of the carbon-free buildings program at RMI, a U.S.-based think-tank focused on the clean energy transition. Do new devs get fired if they can't solve a certain bug? Furthermore, there has been one momentous meteor attack in the Cenozoic Era, which took place during the beginning and global warming period of the Cenozoic era. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. These are widespread colonial marine hemichordates. Space and water heating represent about 85 per cent of residential greenhouse gas emissions and 68 per cent of commercial emissions. What are the functions of fish brain pallium? A group of scientists has identified a new invertebrate species from a rare fossil found in Gaspsie's Miguashaprovincial park. We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser. Bataille said the entire system is leaky right from the production wells to consumers' stoves and furnaces. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Both valves of the shell are cupped. Pectens seem to have evolved from Chlamys in the late Eocene or early Oligocene. a. A=0.1cm2A=0.1\text{ cm}^2A=0.1cm2, d=0.005cmd=0.005\text{ cm}d=0.005cm, K=1K_\epsilon=1K=1. . These are helpful in the determination of the age of organic rocks as well as other fossil assemblages. These are helpful in the determination of the age of organic rocks as well as other. I think that it could be a "fossil" from some Pecten species (do you agree?). Philippi, R. A. Immature scallops attach themselves to the sea floor, whereas adult individuals are free-swimming. But why and why now? The following phrase, write a B in front of it if it describes the development or functioning of a B cell or write a T in front of it if it describes the development or functioning of a T cell. Bay scallops are sweeter, more tender, and typically used in seafood stews and casseroles. Description. 1. Museum of the Earth Museum of the Earth is offering to help identify your fossil in person. During the Mesozoic era, they were common (245 to 65 million years ago ). The six-centimetre fossil was first discovered in 2017 in Miguasha, a site well known for its abundance of prehistoric fish fossils. Sea scallops are what youll get if you order seared scallops in a restaurant. Batch split images vertically in half, sequentially numbering the output files. It is found in sedimentary rocks, asphalt deposits, coal, amber and other materials. This species grows up to three inches in maximum width, and is similar in shape and sculpturing to the Atlantic bay scallop. At the beginning of the Paleozoic Era, they evolved whereas went extinct during the late Permian period i.e. Comments on this story are moderated according to our Submission Guidelines. But are such bans necessary? About 10 localities along the St Lawrence River for 100 km South and West of Montreal as well as a pair 100 and 200 km further North and East. Meanwhile, in the United States, there are bans in dozens of municipalities, which are being tracked by S&P Global Market Intelligence. The interior of the shell is white, often with some beige coloration on the "ears" and top edge. The coarseness and rib spacing of Vertipectens has been slowly evolving since the early and Mid-Miocene, so they have been around for at least 16 million years, maybe up to 20 million years. A variety of newsletters you'll love, delivered straight to you. They also have hard body parts which are bones, teeth, shells and thus, evolved rapidly. What is related to Pecten Gibbus? Besides the above points, lithologic similarity may also be ascertained between the various rock units by the usage of one or two marker beds. This supports Darwins theory of evolution, which states that simple life forms gradually evolved into more complex ones. In this idea, pre-biological changes slowly transform simple atoms and molecules into the more complex chemicals needed to produce life. and Beckley, L.E (2005): https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pecten_(bivalve)&oldid=1066744237, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Frank H.T. c. A=0.1cm2A=0.1\text{ cm}^2A=0.1cm2, d=1105cmd=1\times10^{-5}\text{ cm}d=1105cm, K=50K_\epsilon=50K=50. Pecten is a genus of large scallops or saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Pectinidae, the scallops. x(t)=(7.40cm)cos[(4.16rad/s)t2.42]. Using the geologic time line, specific index fossils are listed. They are about a third the size of sea scallops, averaging about inch in diameter and can range in weight from 50 to 100 scallops per pound. How is index fossil relevant in determining the geological time scale? Nanofossils are very plentiful and it is distributed widely in the areas. _____ some differentiate into memory cells, A 1.501.501.50-kg\mathrm{kg}kg mass on a spring has displacement as a func- The evidence of such occurrences can be found in the fossils even when a major species group has disappeared from this planet. This species grows up to three inches in maximum width, and is similar in shape and sculpturing to the Atlantic bay scallop. Similar and, in some cases more extensive bans are happening around the world, from Norway to New York City. The shell of the Atlantic calico scallop has about 20 radial ribs, which are sometimes roughened by growth lines. WATCH | Joe Biden promises major global cut to methane: With files from Inayat Singh, Serena Renner and Rachel Sanders. The shell near the hinge is extended into "ears", as is the case in all scallops. It was first founded in the Cambrian age. Evidence for early forms of life comes from fossils. EnbridgeInc. says the company sees itself as a "bridge to a cleaner energy future," and its approach is "to continue to provide people with the energy they need while taking steps to reduce the carbon content of the natural gas we distribute" through technologies such as RNG and hydrogen. "Usually when it's a soft-bodied animal, there's nothing that could be preserved.". Is there a massive drop in quality of Cretaceous vs. Triassic dinosaur fossils? Numerous Ordovician and Silurian sites nearby, trilobite - Bathyurus,Isotelus,Nanilleanus. The fossil of ancient marine animals is said to be known as an ammonite index fossil. LISTEN | The slow build toward net-zero homes. It is divided into Cretaceous Period, Scaphites hippocrepis, Jurassic Period, Perisphinctes tiziani, and Triassic Period, Trophites subbullatus. The fossils of the organisms are moved to the upper layers of the ocean where the rocks contain these fossils. Comments are welcome while open. "It's very, very rare that we have that kind of fossil," he added. Find Both valves of the shell are cupped. The study of fossils is called palaeontology. "Those kinds of things really do help and they help build the market in the long run.". Argopecten gibbus. He found that fossil remains, as well as the structure of the rocks around the coastlines of South America, Africa and India, were similar to each other despite being separated by oceans such as the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. On the Pacific coast of North America, P. In addition, Pecten maximus feed on a wide variety of food sources including phytoplankton, especially single celled algae, particulate organic matter (POM), bacteria and other micro-organisms (Fegley et al., 1992; Reitan et al., 2002). The fossil records suffer from 3 types of bias: temporal bias, geographic bias and taxonomic bias. Vancouver: Starting Jan. 1, 2022, equipment for space and hot water heating in new low-rise residential buildings must be zero emissions. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period (age range: from 70.6 to 0.0 million years ago). The goal? In 2019, buildings were the third largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada, after oil and gas and transport. The color of the rough scallop is yellow, orange, red or brownish. Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers, causing the traits to increase in frequency over generations. Terms in this set (35) Pecten gibbus. They lived during the period of Cambrian roughly from 540 to 505 million years ago) to the early to mid-Carboniferous (360 to 320 million years ago). Breaking News: The U.S. plans to arrange alternative fuel sources for Europe, in case Russia cuts off gas and crude oil supplies as tensions over Ukraine continue to rise. Box 500 Station A Toronto, ON Canada, M5W 1E6. "Normally what we find in the fossil, it's all the hard parts," explained Cloutier. "We do need some sort of federal and provincial support for people to switch," he said. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Click the card to flip . It is a widely distributed fossil, of the narrow range in time, regarded as characteristic of a given geological formation, used especially in determining the age of related formations." Box 500 Station A Toronto, ON Canada, M5W 1E6. bbus.htm Pecten gibbus size This species grows up to three inches in maximum width Stop #2 : Behavioral chararictics The Atlantic calico scallop ranges from Delaware to Brazil, and is still sometimes That's because the lifetime of heating equipment can be a couple of decades. Because of the evidence of the index fossils, Alfred Lothar Wegener was able to establish as well as present his " Continental Drift hypothesis " in 1912. It can be large or small accordingly. XIII-XXVIII. This common fossil has existed over a very long geological time and still lives today! Bay scallops on the other hand are caught in the cold, shallow waters of East Coast estuaries and bays. - Merriam-Webster. How do scientists determine the absolute or 'chronometric' date of fossils?
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