The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Szczepanski, Kallie. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Encyclopedia.com. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). (February 22, 2023). Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. Szczepanski, Kallie. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. ." In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. . Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. ." After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { View original page. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. //]]>. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). ", Dai, Yingcong. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia (present perfect, tell). The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. XIX Century Civil Wars. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. Szczepanski, Kallie. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Encyclopedia.com. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).
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